Specifies general requirements for cranes as defined in AS 2549. Includes the design of cranes by the traditional working stress method and also allows design by the limit states method. No set of generally accepted partial load factors necessary for crane design by the limit states method are available.
Table of contents
Header
About this publication
PREFACE
FOREWORD
1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 NEW DESIGNS, INNOVATIONS AND DESIGN METHODS
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.4 DEFINITIONS
1.5 NOTATION
1.6 CONTACT SURFACE TEMPERATURE
2 CLASSIFICATION OF CRANES
2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
2.2 GENERAL
2.3 GROUP CLASSIFICATION
2.3.1 Bases of classification
2.3.2 Class of utilization
2.3.3 Load spectrum
2.3.4 Group classification
3 MATERIALS FOR CRANES
3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
3.2 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
4 CRANE LOADS
4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
4.2 REFERENCE TO OTHER PARTS OF THIS STANDARD
4.3 DETERMINATION OF CRANE LOADS
4.4 CATEGORIZATION OF CRANE LOADS
4.5 PRINCIPAL LOADS
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Dead loads
4.5.2.1 Dead load dynamic factor
4.5.3 Hoisted load
4.5.3.1 Description
4.5.3.2 Hoisting operations to be considered
4.5.3.3 Hoisted load dynamic factor (ϕ2)
4.5.3.4 Rapid load release dynamic factor (ϕ3) (see Figure 4.5.3.4.)
4.5.4 Inertia loads
4.5.4.1 General
4.5.4.2 Methods of determination of inertia loads
4.5.4.3 Simplified method of determination of traction forces
4.5.4.4 Application of traction forces
4.5.4.5 Determination of loads due to slewing and luffing motions
4.5.5 Loads induced by displacements
4.6 ADDITIONAL LOADS
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Wind forces
4.6.2.1 Principles
4.6.2.2 Wind forces on the hoisted load
4.6.3 Snow and ice loads
4.6.4 Forces due to temperature variation
4.6.5 Lateral forces due to oblique travel
4.6.5.1 General
4.6.5.2 Coefficient of frictional contact (KO)
4.6.5.3 Calculation of steering contact force (POTE)
4.6.5.4 Calculation of steering contact force (POTW)
4.6.5.5 Oblique travel force (POTE) and reduction factor (KF)
4.6.6 Bulk material loads
4.7 SPECIAL LOADS
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Loads due to off-vertical hoisting
4.7.3 Dynamic effects of test loads
4.7.4 Buffer forces
4.7.5 Tilting forces
4.7.6 Miscellaneous loads
4.7.7 Loads caused by emergency conditions
4.7.7.1 Mechanical failure
4.7.7.2 Emergency cut-out
4.7.7.3 Application of loads
4.7.8 Seismic loads
4.7.9 Loads during erection
4.7.10 Forces during transport
4.8 PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINATION OF CRANE LOAD COMBINATIONS
4.8.1 Basic considerations
4.8.2 Application of load combinations
4.8.2.1 Use of Table 4.8
4.8.2.2 Working stress design method
4.8.2.3 Limit states design method
4.8.2.4 Proof of fatigue strength
4.8.2.5 High risk applications
5 DESIGN OF CRANE STRUCTURE
5.1 GENERAL
5.2 BASIS OF DESIGN
5.2.1 Design of structure
5.2.2 Classification of crane structures
5.2.2.1 Bases of classification
5.2.2.2 Class of utilization
5.2.2.3 State of loading
5.2.2.4 Structure classification
5.3 DESIGN OBJECTIVE
5.4 METHOD OF DESIGN
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Working stress design method
5.4.3 Limit states method
5.5 FATIGUE STRENGTH
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Working stress design
5.5.3 Limit states design
5.6 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY DEFLECTION AND VIBRATION
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Deflection limits of crane structural members
5.6.3 Driver exposure to vibration
6 STABILITY
6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
6.2 OVERTURNING
6.3 STABILITY DURING ERECTION AND MAINTENANCE
6.4 SAFETY AGAINST DRIFTING
7 CRANE MECHANISMS
7.1 GENERAL
7.2 MECHANISMS
7.3 BASIS OF DESIGN
7.3.1 Design of mechanism
7.3.2 Design for strength
7.3.3 Design for life
7.3.3.1 Wear
7.3.3.2 Fatigue strength
7.3.4 Classification of crane mechanisms
7.3.4.1 Basis of classification
7.3.4.2 Class of utilization
7.3.4.3 State of loading
7.3.4.4 Group classification
7.4 MECHANISM LOADINGS
7.4.1 Determination of loads
7.4.2 Categorization of mechanism loads
7.4.3 Categorization of mechanism loading
7.5 PRINCIPAL LOADS
7.6 ADDITIONAL LOADS
7.7 SPECIAL LOADS
7.8 CATEGORIZATION OF FREQUENCY OF MECHANISM LOAD COMBINATIONS
7.9 PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING MECHANISM LOAD COMBINATIONS
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Application of load combinations
7.9.2.1 Use of Table 7.9
7.9.2.2 Working stress design method
7.9.2.3 Proof of fatigue strength
7.9.2.4 High-risk applications
7.9.2.5 Calculation of loads
7.9.2.6 Static strength
7.9.2.7 Determination of stresses
7.9.2.8 Permissible stresses for strength
7.10 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
7.10.1 General
7.10.2 Bearings
7.10.3 Gearing
7.10.3.1 General
7.10.3.2 Strength requirements
7.10.3.3 Gears
7.10.3.4 Gear enclosures
7.10.3.5 Bearings and supports
7.10.4 Couplings
7.10.4.1 General
7.10.4.2 Clutches
7.11 DRIVING MEDIA
7.12 BRAKING
7.12.1 Braking media
7.12.2 Size and characteristics
7.12.3 Environmental protection
7.12.4 Accessibility
7.12.5 Materials
7.12.5.1 General
7.12.5.2 Friction lining
7.12.5.3 Brake cone, disc, drum or equivalent friction-surface component
7.12.5.4 Springs
7.12.6 Design
7.12.7 Operation
7.12.8 Hoisting motion
7.12.8.1 General
7.12.8.2 Emergency load lowering
7.12.8.3 Multiple brake hoists
7.12.8.4 Dangerous goods lifting
7.12.8.5 Special lifting applications
7.12.8.6 Lifting personnel
7.12.8.7 Molten metal handling
7.12.9 Travel and traverse motions
7.12.10 Luffing motion
7.12.11 Slewing motion
7.13 MOTION LIMITS, INDICATORS AND WARNING DEVICES
7.13.1 Provision of limits
7.13.2 Range of limitation of motion
7.13.3 Operation of motion limit
7.13.4 Indicators and warning devices
7.14 ROPES AND REEVED SYSTEMS
7.14.1 Ropes
7.14.2 Components
7.14.3 Tensiometers
7.15 GUYS, OTHER FIXED-ROPE SYSTEMS, AND STATIONARY ROPES
7.16 REEVED SYSTEMS
7.16.1 Wire rope
7.16.2 Wire rope selection procedure
7.16.2.1 General
7.16.2.2 Selection of Zp values
7.16.2.3 Rope coefficient (C)
7.16.2.4 Calculation of minimum rope diameter
7.16.2.5 Minimum wire rope breaking load
7.16.2.6 Dangerous goods applications of wire rope
7.16.2.7 Personnel applications for wire rope
7.16.3 Fleet angle from drum or sheave
7.16.4 Rope anchorages
7.16.5 Rope equalizers
7.16.6 Overhauling weight
7.16.7 Fibre rope
7.17 SHEAVES
7.17.1 Materials
7.17.2 Design
7.17.3 Diameter of sheave
7.17.4 Sheave guard
7.18 DRUM AND SHEAVE DIAMETERS
7.19 DRUMS
7.19.1 Materials
7.19.2 Design
7.19.2.1 Grooved drum
7.19.2.2 Ungrooved drum
7.19.2.3 Rope anchorage
7.19.3 Diameter of drum
7.19.4 Actual thickness of drum shell
7.19.5 Theoretical thickness of drum shell (abbreviated method)
